| Henry Shelton Sanford | |
|---|---|
| Henry S. Sanford in c. 1865 | |
| United States Ambassador to Belgium | |
| In office 1861–1869 |
|
| President | Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson |
| Preceded by | Elisha Y. Fair |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Russell Jones |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Henry Shelton Sanford 15 June 1823 Woodbury, Connecticut |
| Died | 15 June 1891 (aged 68) White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Gertrude Ellen Dupuy |
| Relations | Nehemiah Curtis Sanford – father Nancy Bateman Shelton – mother |
| Children | Henry Shelton Sanford, Jr. Gertrude Ellen Dupuy Sanford Frida Dolores Sanford Ethel Sanford Helen Carola Nancy Sanford Leopold Curtis Sanford Edwynne Emmeline Wilhelmina McKinnon Sanford |
| Alma mater | Cheshire Academy Trinity College Heidelberg University |
| Profession | Diplomat, Businessman, Founder of Sanford, Florida |
Henry Shelton Sanford (June 15, 1823 – May 21, 1891) was an American diplomat and businessman who founded the city of Sanford, Florida.[1]
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Sanford was born in Woodbury, Connecticut into a family with deep New England roots. He was the son of Nancy Bateman Shelton (1800–1880) and Nehemiah Curtis Sanford,[1][2] who made his fortune manufacturing brass tacks and served in the Connecticut Senate for the 16th District. He was a descendant of Governor Thomas Welles,[3] who arrived in 1635 and was the only man in Connecticut's history to hold all four top offices: governor, deputy governor, treasurer, and secretary. He was also the transcriber of the Fundamental Orders.[1][4] Nehemiah C. Sanford's brother was John Sanford, the founder of the Amsterdam, New York branch of the Sanford family.
Henry Shelton Sanford enrolled in Trinity College in 1839, but did not graduate. Trinity College later conferred on him the degree of L.L.D. in 1849. He was also educated at Heidelberg University, Germany from which institution he received the degree of Doctor of Canon and Civil Law or J.U.D. in 1855.[2] He obtained the title of ‘General,’ which he is often noted by, after donating a cannon battery to the Union in the Civil War.[5]
He married on September 21, 1864, in Paris, France, Gertrude Ellen Dupuy, born on June 27, 1841 at "du Puy Place", Banks-of-the-Schuylkill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and died on June 1, 1902 at Derby, Connecticut.[6] She was the daughter of John Dupuy and Mary Richards Haskins. Henry and Gertrude's children were:
Sanford began diplomatic work in 1847, when he was named the Secretary of the American legation to St. Petersburg. In 1848, he was named acting Secretary to the American Legation in Frankfurt. President Zachary Taylor then appointed him to the same post in Paris, where he would remain from 1849 to 1854, the last year of which after a promotion to chargé d'affaires.
President Abraham Lincoln appointed him as Minister to Belgium in 1861. There, apart from preventing Confederate recognition, he signed a number of significant agreements, including the Scheldt Treaties, concerning import duties and the capitalization of the Scheldt dues (1863), a naturalization treaty, and a consular convention including a trademark article supplemental to the commercial treaty of 1858.
In addition, Sanford co-ordinated northern secret service operations during the Civil War, arranged for the purchase of war materials for the Union, and delivered a message from Secretary of State William H. Steward to Giuseppe Garibaldi, offering the Italian patriot a Union command.
After the Civil War he bought an orange grove in St. Augustine, Florida, from John Hay, who had been one of President Lincoln's secretaries and later served as U.S. Secretary of State. It was the beginning of a large investment in the state. The St. Augustine grove was later developed as a real estate subdivision in the northern part of the city's historic Lincolnville neighborhood. It includes a Sanford Street as a permanent memory of its origins.
He was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 as U.S. Minister to Spain. His Senate confirmation, which was long discussed, was tabled due solely on the grounds that he was unwilling to move to Spain. As soon as President Grant appointed General Daniel Sickles U.S. Minister to Spain, he resigned his post at Belgium.
In 1870, Sanford paid $18,400 to former Confederate General Joseph Finegan to acquire his extensive land holdings along Lake Monroe and founded the city of Sanford, Florida.[2][4][8] He founded an orange plantation at Lake Monroe that offered some promise to revive his flagging fortunes, but it did not prove profitable in the long term. In fact he poured quite a bit of precious capital into land speculation and town building in Florida in the hopes of turning around a family economy that spent far more than it took in, but with no success. The commitment of his time and resources to cashing in on the postbellum Florida land boom was a miserable failure in the end. His wife was so disgruntled with his booster schemes that she lamented in a letter to her husband that Florida was "a vampire that... sucked the repose & the beauty & the dignity & cheerfulness out of our lives."[9] Sanford had numerous other business interests, some in the Congo after his work for Belgium, but none were profitable.
The Belgian King Leopold II used Sanford to convince Henry Morton Stanley to explore the Congo basin for Belgium in 1878. He then hired Sanford in 1883 as his envoy to the United States to try to gain American recognition for his colony in Congo.[2][10]
In 1886, Sanford organized at Brussels and dispatched to the Congo and its tributaries the Sanford Exploring Expedition for the purpose of scientific and commercial discovery and for the opening up of an interior trade. His steamboats "Florida" and "New York" were the first commercial steamers to penetrate the waters of the upper Congo. Sanford employed Roger Casement from September 1886 to February 1888 on the Expedition, working on river transports. His project did not prosper partly because the Congo State was becoming increasingly restrictive in its attitude to other commercial interests.
Sanford remained loyal to the Belgian king until 1889, when serving as the American representative at Leopold’s Anti-Slavery Conference, Leopold betrayed his earlier free trade plans for the Congo and asked for the imposition of customs duties so as to aid the destruction of slavery in the Congo.[11]
Sanford died at White Sulphur Springs, Virginia on May 21, 1891. He is buried in Long Hill Cemetery, Shelton, Connecticut.[2][12]
In her will of 1901, Gertrude Sanford expressed a desire that the city of Sanford, Florida have her husband's library as his memorial. Her daughter, Carola Sanford-Dow fulfilled this wish and in 1957 the Henry Shelton Sanford Memorial Library and Museum was built to house the books, papers, and decorative arts collection of Gen. Sanford. The museum was expanded in 1973 and again in 1993, at which time the name was changed to the Sanford Museum.
| Preceded by Elisha Y. Fair |
Ambassador to Belgium 1861–1869 |
Succeeded by Joseph Russell Jones |